L-systems: Difference between revisions

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===Sierpinski curve===
===Online experiments with Lindenmayer Systems===
A Lindenmayer System consists of
* an initial string called ''axiom''
* a set of rewriting ''rules''
 
This is an experimental page, where the Lindenmayer Systems can be changed online. The visualization is done by the JavaScript library [http://jsxgraph.org JSXGraph].
For each system a maximum ''level'' is defined. If this value is increased, the complexity of the drawing rises and running time increases, too.
 
===Examples===
Most of the examples are from the book by Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz and James Hanan: ''Lindenmayer Systems, Fractals, and Plants'', see the References.
====First Example: Sierpinski curve====
<html>
<html>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://jsxgraph.uni-bayreuth.de/distrib/jsxgraph.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://jsxgraph.uni-bayreuth.de/distrib/jsxgraph.css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jsxgraph.uni-bayreuth.de/distrib/prototype.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jsxgraph.uni-bayreuth.de/distrib/jsxgraphcore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jsxgraph.uni-bayreuth.de/distrib/jsxgraphcore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jsxgraph.uni-bayreuth.de/distrib/jsxturtle.js"></script>
<form><textarea id="inputtext0" rows=15 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
<form><textarea id="inputtext0" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 6;
var level = 6;
var axiom = 'A';
var axiom = 'A';
Line 29: Line 37:
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(0)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(0)">
</form>
</form>
<div id="box0" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
</html>
<script language="JavaScript">
<jsxgraph width="600" height="600" box="box0">
var t;
var t;
var turtle = [];
var turtle = [];
var brd = [];
var brd = [];
brd[0] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box0', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
brd[0] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box0', {boundingbox: [-300, 300, 300, -300]});
turtle[0] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[0]);
turtle[0] = brd[0].create('turtle');


function expander(level,axiom,rules) {
function expander(level,axiom,rules) {
Line 46: Line 54:
         this.next = function() {
         this.next = function() {
             if (this.pos>=this.code.length) return null;
             if (this.pos>=this.code.length) return null;
             return this.code[this.pos++];
             return this.code.charAt(this.pos++);
         }
         }
     });
     });
Line 59: Line 67:
             this.code = this.rules[pattern];
             this.code = this.rules[pattern];
         }
         }
         return this.code[this.pos++];
         return this.code.charAt(this.pos++);
     }
     }
}
}
Line 98: Line 106:
function run(nr) {
function run(nr) {
   brd[nr].suspendUpdate();
   brd[nr].suspendUpdate();
   var code = $('inputtext'+nr).value;
   var code = document.getElementById('inputtext'+nr).value;
   if (code=='') { return; }
   if (code=='') { return; }
   t = turtle[nr];
   t = turtle[nr];
Line 112: Line 120:
   turtle[nr].cs();
   turtle[nr].cs();
}
}
</script>
</jsxgraph>
</html>
 
 
===Quadratic snowflake variation===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext1" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 5;
var axiom = '+F';
var rules = {
    'F':'F-F+F+F-F',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
var angle = 90;
var len = 500/Math.pow(3,level);
t.setPos(250,0);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(1)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(1)">
</form>
<div id="box1" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[1] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box1', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[1] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[1]);
</script>
</html>
 
===Dragon curve===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext2" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 8;
var axiom = 'Fl';
var rules = {
    'F' : 'F',
    'l' : 'l+rF+',
    'r' : '-Fl-r',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                'l':' ',
                'r':' ',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
             
var angle = 90;
var len = 500/(level*level);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(2)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(2)">
</form>
<div id="box2" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[2] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box2', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[2] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[2]);
</script>
</html>
 
===Islands and lakes===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext3" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 2;
var axiom = 'F-F-F-F';
var rules = {
    'F' : 'F-f+FF-F-FF-Ff-FF+f-FF+F+FF+Ff+FFF',
    'f' : 'ffffff',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                'f':'f',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
             
var angle = 90;
var len = 20/Math.pow(2,level);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(3)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(3)">
</form>
<div id="box3" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[3] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box3', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[3] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[3]);
</script>
</html>
 
 
===Peano curve===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext4" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 4;
var axiom = 'X';
var rules = {
    'F' : 'F',
    'X' : 'XFYFX+F+YFXFY-F-XFYFX',
    'Y' : 'YFXFY-F-XFYFX+F+YFXFY',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                'X':' ',
                'Y':' ',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
             
var angle = 90;
var len = 500/Math.pow(3,level);
t.setPos(250,-250);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(4)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(4)">
</form>
<div id="box4" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[4] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box4', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[4] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[4]);
</script>
</html>
 
===Hexagonal Gosper curve===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext5" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 3;
var axiom = 'XF';
var rules = {
    'F' : 'F',
    'X' : 'X+YF++YF-FX--FXFX-YF+',
    'Y' : '-FX+YFYF++YF+FX--FX-Y',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                'X':' ',
                'Y':' ',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
             
var angle = 60;
var len = 500/Math.pow(3,level);
t.setPos(250,0);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(5)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(5)">
</form>
<div id="box5" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[5] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box5', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[5] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[5]);
</script>
</html>
 
===Plant 1===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext6" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 4;
var axiom = 'F';
var rules = {
    'F' : 'F[+F]F[-F]F',
    '[' : '[',
    ']' : ']',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
             
var angle = 25.7;
var len = 200/Math.pow(3,level);
var shrink = 1.0;
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(6)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(6)">
</form>
<div id="box6" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[6] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box6', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[6] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[6]);
</script>
</html>
 
===Plant 2===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext7" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 4;
var axiom = 'X';
var rules = {
    'F' : 'FF',
    'X' : 'F-[[X]+X]+F[+FX]-X',
    '[' : '[',
    ']' : ']',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                'X':' ',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
             
var angle = 22.5;
var len = 800/Math.pow(3,level);
t.setPos(0,-250);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(7)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(7)">
</form>
<div id="box7" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[7] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box7', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[7] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[7]);
</script>
</html>
 
===Hexagonal kolam===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext8" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 12;
var axiom = 'X';
var rules = {
    'F' : 'F',
    'X' : '[-F+F[Y]+F][+F-F[X]-F]',
    'Y' : '[-F+F[Y]+F][+F-F-F]',
    '[' : '[',
    ']' : ']',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                'X':' ',
                'Y':' ',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
             
var angle = 60;
var len = 100/(level);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(8)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(8)">
</form>
<div id="box8" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[8] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box8', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[8] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[8]);
</script>
</html>
 
===Mango kolam===
 
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext9" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 5;
var axiom = 'A---A';
var rules = {
    'F' : 'F',
    'f' : 'f',
    'A' : 'f-F+Z+F-fA',
    'Z' : 'F-FF-F--[--Z]F-FF-F--F-FF-F--',
    '[' : '[',
    ']' : ']',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-'
};
var symbols = { 'F':'F',
                'f':'f',
                'A':' ',
                'Z':' ',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              } ;
             
var angle = 60;
var len = 100/(level);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(9)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(9)">
</form>
<div id="box9" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[9] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box9', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[9] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[9]);
</script>
</html>


====More examples====
* [[Quadratic snowflake variation]]
* [[Dragon curve]]
* [[Islands and lakes]]
* [[Peano curve]]
* [[Hexagonal Gosper curve]]
* [[Plant generation I]]
* [[Plant generation II]]
* [[Hexagonal kolam]]
* [[Mango kolam]]
* [[Penrose tiling]]


===Penrose tiling===
===The underlying JavaScript code===
 
The underlying [[JavaScript code for producing Lindenmayer systems]]
<html>
<form><textarea id="inputtext10" rows=3 cols=35 wrap="off" style="width:600px;">
var level = 2;
var Axiom = '[7]++[7]++[7]++[7]++[7]';
var rules = {
    '6' : '81++91----71[-81----61]++',
    '7' : '+81--91[---61--71]+',
    '8' : '-61++71[+++81++91]-',
    '9' : '--81++++61[+91++++71]--71',
    '1' : '',
    '+' : '+',
    '-' : '-',
    '[' : '[',
    ']' : ']'
  };
var symbols = {
                '1':'F',
                '6':' ',
                '7':' ',
                '8':' ',
                '9':' ',
                '+':'+',
                '-':'-',
                '[':'[',
                ']':']'
              };
var angle = 36.0;
var len = 100/(level);
</textarea><br />
<input type="button" value="run" onClick="run(10)">
<input type="button" value="clear" onClick="clearturtle(10)">
</form>
<div id="box10" class="jxgbox" style="width:600px; height:600px;"></div>
<script language="JavaScript">
brd[10] = JXG.JSXGraph.initBoard('box10', {originX: 300, originY: 300, unitX: 1, unitY: 1});
turtle[10] = new JSXTurtleObj(brd[10]);
</script>
</html>


===References===
* Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, James Hanan: Lindenmayer Systems, Fractals, and Plants (Lecture Notes in Biomathematics). Springer-Verlag 1989, ISBN 0-387-97092-4
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-filling_curve http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-filling_curve]
* [http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e28_3/lsys.html An Introduction to Lindenmayer Systems]




[[Category:Examples]]
[[Category:Examples]]
[[Category:Fractals]]
[[Category:Turtle Graphics]]
[[Category:Turtle Graphics]]
[[Category:Lindenmayer systems]]

Latest revision as of 07:59, 8 June 2011

Online experiments with Lindenmayer Systems

A Lindenmayer System consists of

  • an initial string called axiom
  • a set of rewriting rules

This is an experimental page, where the Lindenmayer Systems can be changed online. The visualization is done by the JavaScript library JSXGraph. For each system a maximum level is defined. If this value is increased, the complexity of the drawing rises and running time increases, too.

Examples

Most of the examples are from the book by Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz and James Hanan: Lindenmayer Systems, Fractals, and Plants, see the References.

First Example: Sierpinski curve


More examples

The underlying JavaScript code

The underlying JavaScript code for producing Lindenmayer systems

References

Retrieved from "http://jsxgraph.org/wiki/index.php?title=L-systems&oldid=5223"